1. Self-Control…

-Substance taken in larger amounts than intended

-Unsuccessful efforts to cut down

2. Social/Occupational Functioning...

3. Tolerance & Withdrawal

-Marked tolerance

-Withdrawal

1. Maladaptive pattern of substance use

-substance-related failure to fulfill major role

obligations

-continued use despite social or physical

problems associated with drug use

-recurrent use despite obvious hazards

(e.g., driving drunk)

-recurrent substance-related legal problems

2. Symptoms have persisted for at least 1

month

-Stimulates GABA System

Acute Effects

-Stimulation à Depression

-Reduction of tension

-Cognitive impairment

-Diminished sexual performance

-Lack of motor coordination

-Emotional labiality

Long-term

-tolerance

-Cirrhosis

-Korsakoff's Psychosis

-withdrawal

-Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

-stimulate GABA system

Acute effects: similar to alcohol

-opium

-morphine

-heroin

Acute Effects

-euphoria

-loss of pain/worries

Withdrawal

-nausea

-chills

-increased blood pressure and heart rate

-Methods of ingestion

-Nicotinic Receptors

Acute Effects

-Relaxation

Long-term effects

-withdrawal

-Lung disease

-Heart disease

-Low birth weight babies

-methods of ingestion

Acute effects

-increased performance

-indefatigability

-increased self-confidence

-paranoia

-drug induced psychosis

Long term effects

-tolerance and withdrawal

-personality change

-paranoia

-impaired sleeping and eating

-birth defects

-Hemp Plant

-Delta-9-TCH

-Methods of ingestion

Acute Effects

-relaxation and sociability

-increased appetite

-dry mouth

-emotional labiality

-fragmented thoughts and cognitive impairment

-paranoia

-hallucinations

-motor impairment

Long Term Effects

-amotivational syndrome

-lung disease

-History of hallucinogens

Acute effects

-expansive mood

-synesthesia

-hallucinations

-bad trips

Long term effects

-flashbacks

-long term brain damage??

1. Addictive Personality

Personality characterized by proneness to addiction

2. Behavioral

Tension reduction

Solomon's Opponent Process Theory

Siegel's Theory of Counterconditioning

3. Physiological

Genetics of Alcoholism

Biochemistry

Drug US (e.g., alcohol) elicits...

-fast acting

-remains for duration of stimulus

-corresponds to drug "high"

-slow to respond

-long-lasting

-opposite of a-process

With repeated US stimulation...

1. b-process becomes faster & stronger

2. a-process is unaffected

1. Components:

A. US (alcohol) --> UR (intoxication)

B. CS (bar)

2. Conditioning:

B. CS eventually elicits CR (as usual)

3. What's unusual?

For many drugs, direction of CR is opposite

to that of the UR (e.g., withdrawal)

-possibly triggering b-process?

Increased rates of alcoholism in family members

54% concordance rate in MZ vs 28% concordance in DZ twins

Adoption studies show increased rate of problem drinking in adoptees whose biological parents were alcoholics

May be the ability to tolerate the effects of alcohol

1. Type I

-found in males and females

-dependence on anti-anxiety effects of alcohol

-age of onset after 25

-less severe

-drink to reduce tension

2. Type II

-only found in males

-antisocial personality traits

-alcohol abuse in bio parents

-dependence on euphoriant effects of alcohol

-age of onset before 25

-drink to increase pleasure

1. Alcoholics Anonymous Model

-Advocate abstinence

-12 step program

-Religious focus

-Strong focus on support

2. Psychological

-Aversion Therapy

-Broad-Spectrum Behavioral Treatment

-Abstinence vs. Controlled Drinking

3. Pharmacological

-Deterrent drugs (e.g., Antabuse)

-Replacement drugs (e.g., Methadone)

-Antagonist drugs (e.g., Naltrexone)

4.Prevention programs

-self-esteem enhancement (no so effective)

-social skills training

-resistance training