Faculty
Larry Squire
Distinguished Professor
Our interest is in the organization and structure of memory in terms of anatomy, physiology, and function. The problem of memory has benefited in recent years from work at many levels of analysis, including the study of molecular events within neurons and synapses, the study of neural systems, cognitive studies of humans and experimental animals, and quantitative analysis of computational models. Many questions about memory address relatively global, structural issues: Is there one kind of memory or many? Where is memory stored? How is memory organized? What brain systems are involved in memory and what jobs do they do?
Our research draws on the traditions of neuroscience, neuropsychology, and cognitive science. A part of our research involves studies of identified patients with amnesia. The analysis of such cases provides useful information about the structure and organization of normal memory. We also study rodents, particularly with respect to questions about the anatomy of memory functions.
ANTEROGRADE AND RETROGRADE AMNESIA. The human amnesic syndrome provides a window onto the organizing principles of normal memory. By studying impaired learning and memory, we are gaining an understanding of such issues as awareness, forgetting, memory consolidation, and the nature of recognition memory. A key part of this work involves detailed histological post-mortem analysis of the brains of amnesic patients.
NONCONSCIOUS LEARNING AND MEMORY. The kinds of (nondeclarative) learning and memory that are spared in human amnesic patients provide a way to study forms of learning and memory that lie outside the province of the medial temporal lobe and medial diencephalic brain systems damaged in amnesia. These forms of memory include perceptual skills, category learning, habit learning, simple forms of conditioning, and the phenomenon of priming. Among the many questions of interest are issues about the role of awareness in these forms of learning, the role of the neostriatum in habit learning, and the nature of human eyeblink conditioning. These studies are carried out with amnesic patients, patients with Parkinson's disease, patients with Huntington's disease, patients with frontal lobe lesions, and healthy volunteers.
FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (FMRI). The new facility for functional imaging at UCSD is affording the possibility of studying brain systems of human memory in awake, behaving volunteers. This technology opens a new era of investigation into the brain systems of human memory.
Squire,
L.R. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis
from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans.
Psychological Rev. 99: 195-231.
Broadbent, N.J., Clark, R.E., Zola, S., and Squire,
L.R. The medial temporal lobe and memory. In:
L.R. Squire and D.L. Schacter (Eds.), The Neuropsychology
of Memory, 3rd Edition. New York: Guilford
Publications, Inc., 2002, 3-23.
Manns, J.R., Squire, L.R. The medial temporal
lobe and memory for facts and events. In: A. Baddeley,
B. Wilson, and M. Kopelman (Eds.), Handbook
of Memory Disorders, 2nd Edition. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2002, 81-99.
Clark, R.E, Manns, J.R., and Squire, L.R. Classical
Conditioning, Awareness, and Brain Systems. Trends
in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 524-531, 2002.
Squire, L.R., Bloom, F.E., McConnell, S.K., Roberts,
J.L., Spitzer, N.C., and Zigmond, M.J. (Eds.).
Fundamental Neuroscience, Second Edition.
Academic Press, New York, 2003.
Manns, J.R., Hopkins, R.O., Squire, L.R. Semantic memory and the human hippocampus. Neuron, 37, 127-133, 2003.
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