Cepeda, N. J., Cepeda, M. L., & Kramer, A. F. (2000). Task switching and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 213-226. [87k pdf]

The main goal of the present set of studies was to examine the efficiency of executive control processes and, more specifically, the control processes involved in task set inhibition and preparation to perform a new task in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and non-ADHD children. This was accomplished by having ADHD children, both on and off medication, and non-ADHD children perform the task-switching paradigm, which involves the performance of two simple tasks. In nonswitch trials, an individual task is performed repeatedly for a number of trials. In switch trials, subjects must rapidly and accurately switch from one task to the other, either in a predictable or unpredictable sequence. Switch costs are calculated by subtracting performance on the nonswitch trials from performance on the switch trials. These costs are assumed to reflect the executive control processes required for the coordination of multiple tasks. ADHD children showed substantially larger switch costs than non-ADHD children. However, when on medication, the ADHD children's switch performance was equivalent to control children. In addition, medication was observed to improve the ADHD children's ability to inhibit inappropriate responses. These data are discussed in terms of models of ADHD and cognition.

2008 (cited by 7)

• Coles, K., & Tomporowski, P. D. (2008). Effects of acute exercise on executive processing, short-term and long-term memory. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 333-344.
• Gualtieri, C. T., & Johnson, L. G. (2008). Medications do not necessarily normalize cognition in ADHD patients. Journal of Attentional Disorders, 11, 459-469.
• Inoue, Y., Inagaki, M., Gunji, A., Furushima, W., & Kaga, M. (2008). Response switching process in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder on the novel continuous performance test. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 50, 462-466.
• Meiran, N., & Kessler, Y. (2008). The task rule congruency effect in task swithcing reflects activated long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 137-157.
• Oades, R. D., & Christiansen, H. (2008). Cognitive switching processes in young people witih attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 21-32.
• Potter, A. S., & Newhouse, P. A. (2008). Acute nicotine improves cognitive deficits in young adults with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 88, 407-417.
• Wodniecka, Z., & Cepeda, N. J. (2008). Beyond the classroom: Bilingualism, cognitive skills, and health. In A. Mollica (Ed.), Teaching and Learning Languages (pp. 15-24). Welland, Ontario: Soleil Publishing. (Reprint of Wodniecka & Cepeda, 2007)

2007 (cited by 14)

• Brand, S. L. (2007). Task switching and distractibility. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University College London.
• Bugg, J. M., DeLosh, E. L., Davalos, D. B., & Davis, H. P. (2007). Age differences in Stroop performance: Contributions of general slowing and task-specific deficits. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 14, 155-167.
• Cepeda, N. J., & Munakata, Y. (2007). Why do children perseverate when they seem to know better: Graded working memory, or directed inhibition? Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 14, 1058-1065.
• Coles, K., & Tomporowski, P. D. (2007). Effects of acute exercise on executive processing, short-term and long-term memory. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 333-344.
• Davenport, K. L., Julius, S. M., & Davenport, P. W. (2007). Perception of inspiratory resistive loads in asthmatic children with attention deficit disorder. Clinical Medicine: Circulatory, Respiratory and Pulmonary, 1, 7-14.
• King, J. A., Colla, M., Brass, M., Heuser, I., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2007). Inefficient cognitive control in adult ADHD: Evidence from trial-by-trial Stroop test and cued task switching performance. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 3.
• Leitner, Y., Barak, R., Giladi, N., Peretz, C., Eshel, R., Gruendlinger, L., & Hausdorff, J. M. (2007). Gait in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - Effects of methylphenidate and dual tasking. Journal of Neurology, 254, 1330-1338.
• Markus, C. R. (2007). Effects of carbohydrates on brain tryptophan availability and stress performance. Biological Psychology, 76, 83-90.
• Markus, C. R., & Jonkman, L. M. (2007). Attention switching after dietary brain 5-HT challenge in high impulsive subjects. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 21, 700-708.
• Rubia, K., Smith, A., & Taylor, E. (2007). Performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on a test battery of impulsiveness. Child Neuropsychology, 13, 276-304.
• Stefanatos, G. A., & Baron, I. S. (2007). Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder: A neuropsychological perspective towards DSM-V. Neuropsychology Review, 17, 5-38.
• Tomporowski, P. D., Beasman, K., Ganio, M. S., & Cureton, K. (2007). Effects of dehydration and fluid ingestion on cognition. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28, 891-896.
• Wodniecka, Z., & Cepeda, N. J. (2007). Beyond the classroom: Bilingualism, cognitive skills, and health. Mosaic: A Journal for Language Teachers, 9, 3-8.
• Yehene, E., & Meiran, N. (2007). Is there a general task switching ability? Acta Psychologica, 126, 169-195.

2006 (cited by 16)

• Brown, A. (2006). The poker face of Wall Street. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
• Clancy, T. A., Rucklidge, J. J., & Owen, D. (2006). Road-crossing safety in virtual reality: A comparison of adolescents with and without ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 203-215.
• Davis, C., Levitan, R. D., Smith, M., Tweed, S., & Curtis, C. (2006). Associations among overeating, overweight, and attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder: A structural equation modeling approach. Eating Behaviors, 7, 266-274.
• Dibbets, P., & Jolles, J. (2006). The switch task for children: Measuring mental flexibility in young children. Cognitive Development, 21, 60-71.
• Ellefson, M. R., Shapiro, L. R., & Chater, N. (2006). Asymmetrical switch costs in children. Cognitive Development, 21, 108-130.
• Fuggetta, G. P. (2006). Impairment of executive functions in boys with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Child Neuropsychology, 12, 1-21.
• Geurts, H. M., van der Oord, S., & Crone, E. A. (2006). Hot and cool aspects of cognitive control in children with ADHD: Decision-making and inhibition. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 813-824.
• Im-Bolter, N., Johnson, J., & Pascual-Leone, J. (2006). Processing limitations in children with specific language impairments: The role of executive function. Child Development, 77, 1822-1841.
• Kofman, O., Meiran, N., Greenberg, E., Balas, M., & Cohen, H. (2006). Enhanced performance on executive functions associated with examination stress: Evidence from task-switching and Stroop paradigms. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 577-595.
• Nigg, J. T. (2006). What causes ADHD? Understanding what goes wrong and why. New York: Guilford Press.
• Nigg, J. T., Hinshaw, S. P., & Huang-Pollock, C. (2006). Disorders of attention and impulse regulation. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental Psychopathology, Vol 3: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd Ed.) (pp. 358-403). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
• Oades, R. D. (2006). Function and dysfunction of monoamine interactions in children and adolescents with AD/HD. In E. D. Levin (Ed.), Experientia supplementum: Neurotransmitter interactions and cognitive function (pp. 207-244). Essen, Germany: Birkhauser Basel.
• Pietrzak, R. H., Mollica, C. M., Maruff, P., & Snyder, P. J. (2006). Cognitive effects of immediate-release methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 1225-1245.
• Roodenrys, S. (2006). Working memory function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In T. P. Alloway & S. E. Gathercole (Eds.), Working memory and neurodevelopmental disorders (pp. 187-211). New York: Psychology Press.
• Soo, C. A., & Bailey, J. G. (2006). A review of functioning of attentional components in children with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities. Brain Impairment, 7, 133-147.
• Wu, K. K., Anderson, V., & Castiello, U. (2006). Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder and working memory: A task switching paradigm. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 1288-1306.

2005 (cited by 12)

• Bekker, E. M., Overtoom, C. C., Kenemans, J. L., Kooij, J. J., de Noord, I., Buitelaar, J. K., & Verbaten, M. N. (2005). Stopping and changing in adults with ADHD. Psychological Medicine, 35, 807-816.
• Bekker, E. M., Overtoom, C. C. E., Kooij, J. J. S., Buitelaar, J. K., Verbaten, M. N., & Kenemans, J. L. (2005). Disentangling deficits in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1129-1136.
• Bjorne, P., & Balkenius, C. (2005). The role of context and inhibition in ADHD. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 426-427.
• Kenemans, J. L., Bekker, E. M., Lijffift, M., Overtoom, C. C. E., Jonkman, L. M., & Verbaten, M. N. (2005). Attention deficit and impulsivity: Selecting, shifting, and stopping. International Journal of Psychophysiology. Special Issue: Electrophysiology in attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder, 58, 59-70.
• Muraven, M. (2005). Self-focused attention and the self-regulation of attention: Implications for personality and pathology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 382-400.
• O'Driscoll, G. A., Depatie, L., Holahan, A.-L. V., Savion-Lemieux, T., Barr, R. G., Jolicoeur, C., & Douglas, V. I. (2005). Executive functions and methylphenidate response in subtypes of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1452-1460.
• Rubin, O., & Meiran, N. (2005). On the origins of the task mixing cost in the cuing task-switching paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31, 1477-1491.
• Sagvolden, T., Johansen, E. B., Aase, H., & Russell, V. A. (2005). A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominately hyperactive / impulsive subtypes. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 397-419.
• Sergeant, J. A. (2005). Modeling attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A critical appraisal of the cognitive-energetic model. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1248-1255.
• Sheikh, A. I., & Marotta, S. A. (2005). A cross-validation study of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 38, 66-77.
• Smulders, S. F. A., Notebart, W., Meijer, M., Crone, E. A., van der Molen, M. W., & Soetens, E. (2005). Sequential effects on speeded information processing: A developmental study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 90, 208-234.
• Wecker, N. S., Kramer, J. H., Hallam, B. J., & Delis, D. C. (2005). Mental flexibility: Age effects on switching. Neuropsychology, 19, 345-352.

2004 (cited by 16)

• Balkenius, C., & Winberg, S. (2004). Cognitive modeling with context sensitive reinforcement learning. In Proceedings of AILS 2004. Lund: Department of Computer Science.
• Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging, 19, 290-303.
• Casey, B. J., Davidson, M. C., Hara, Y., Thomas, K. M., Martinez, A., Galvan, A., Halperin, J. M., Rodriguez-Aranda, C. E., & Tottenham, N. (2004). Early development of subcortical regions involved in non-cued attention switching. Developmental Science, 7, 534-542.
• Crone, E. A., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Worm, M., Somsen, R. J. M., & van der Molen, M. W. (2004). Switching between spatial stimulus-response mappings: A developmental study of cognitive flexibility. Developmental Science, 7, 443-455.
• Deák, G. O., Ray, S. D., & Pick, A. D. (2004). Effects of age, reminders, and task difficulty on young children's rule-switching flexibility. Cognitive Development, 19, 385-400.
• Gogtay, N., Geidd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., Nugent, T. F., Herman, D. H., Clasen, L. S., Toga, A. W., Rapoport, J. L., & Thompson, P. M. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 8174-8179.
• Hahn, S., Andersen, G. J., & Kramer, A. F. (2004). Age influences on multi-dimensional set shifting. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 11, 25-36.
• Hommel, B., Li, K. Z. H., & Li, S. C. (2004). Visual search across the life span. Developmental Psychology, 40, 545-558.
• Kray, J., Eber, J., & Lindenberger, U. (2004). Age differences in executive functioning across the lifespan: The role of verbalization in task preparation. Acta Psychologica, 115, 143-165.
• Libera, C. D., & Stablum, F. (2004). Processes and mechanisms underlying task switching. Giornale Italiano di Psicologia, 31, 279-303.
• Mason, D. J., Humphreys, G. W., & Kent, L. (2004). Visual search, singleton capture, and the control of attentional set in ADHD. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 21, 661-687.
• Shao, V. (2004). Brain function and the implementation of mental illness [in Chinese]. Neurological Diseases and Mental Health, 4, 236-238.
• Smith, A. B., Taylor, E., Brammer, M., & Rubia, K. (2004). Neural correlates of switching set as measured in fast, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Human Brain Mapping, 21, 247-256.
• Span, M. M., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & van der Molen, M. W. (2004). Age-related changes in the efficiency of cognitive processing across the life span. Acta Psychologica, 117, 155-183.
• Yoo, H. J., Cho, S. C., Ha, J. Y., Yune, S. K., Kim, S. J., Hwang, J., Chung, A., Sung, Y. H., & Lyoo, I. K. (2004). Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and Internet addiction. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 58, 487-494.
• Zelazo, P. D., Craik, F. I. M., & Booth, L. (2004). Executive function across the life span. Acta Psychologica, 115, 167-183.

2003 (cited by 3)

• Deák, G. O. (2003). The development of cognitive flexibility and language abilities. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 31, 271-327.
• Kirkham, N. Z., Cruess, L., & Diamond, A. (2003). Helping children apply their knowledge to the behavior on a dimension-switching task. Developmental Science, 6, 449-476.
• Koschack, J., Kunert, H. J., Derichs, G., Weniger, G., & Irle, E. (2003). Impaired and enhanced attentional function in children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Medicine, 33, 481-489.

2002 (cited by 7)

• Hughes, C., & Graham, A. (2002). Measuring executive functions in childhood: Problems and solutions? Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 7, 131-142.
• Lawrence, V., Houghton, S., Tannock, R., Douglas, G., Durkin, K., & Whiting, K. (2002). ADHD outside the laboratory: Boys' executive function performance on tasks in videogame play and on a visit to the zoo. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 447-462.
• Schlaggar, B. L., Brown, T. T., Lugar, H. M., Visscher, K. M., Miezin, F. M., & Petersen, S. E. (2002). Functional neuroanatomical differences between adults and school-age children in the processing of single words. Science, 296, 1476-1479.
• Seminar-Hui, Y., Zhouxiolin, ?, Wang, Y., & Young, D. (2002). Executive function and attention to the wrong number of moving obstacles. Chinese Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 245-247.
• Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2002). Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD - A dual pathway model of behavior and cognition. Behavioural Brain Research, 130, 29-36.
• Wang, Y.-H., Zhou, X., Yang, Y.-F., & Wang, J.-J. (2002). Executive function and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chinese Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 245-247.
• Zulauf, P. (2002). Kognitive leistungsprofile von ADHD-risikokindern im vorschulalter. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universitat Bern.

2001 (cited by 3)

• Balkenius, C., & Bjorne, P. (2001). Toward a robot model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In C. Balkenius, J. Zlatev, H. Kozima, K. Dautenhahn, & C Breazeal (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Epigenetic Robotics: Modeling Cognitive Development in Robotic Systems. Lund University Cognitive Studies, 85.
• Cepeda, N. J., Kramer, A. F., & Gonzalez de Sather, J. C. M. (2001). Changes in executive control across the life-span: Examination of task switching performance. Developmental Psychology, 37, 715-730.
• Kramer, A. F., Cepeda, N. J., & Cepeda, M. L. (2001). Methylphenidate effects on task-switching performance in attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1277-1284.

2000 (cited by 0)